The Scandinavian History Podcast

The two decades between the world wars transformed Scandinavian society. Democracy was firmly established and ambitious welfare programs were put in place. But there were also challenges, not least the global economic crisis in the early 1930s. The period was especially difficult in Finland, a country that was still reeling from a brutal civil war.

Civil wars tend to be particularly brutal conflicts, tearing communities apart. Sadly, the Finnish Civil War was no exception. When the fighting officially ended on 15 May 1918, the majority of the people who would die as a consequence of the war were actually still alive. The conflict claimed far more victims in the summer of 1918 than on the battlefield.

When Finnish socialists declared a revolution on January 27 1918, this triggered a conflict known to history as the Finnish Civil War. Two hastily assembled armies struggled to organize and fight. Like civil wars tend to be, the conflict was chaotic and brutal.

Social and political tensions in Finland intensified during 1917, as the collapse of Russian imperial rule created both hope and turmoil. Economic hardship, strikes and ideological divisions polarized Finnish society. As a result, political rivals started to arm themselves in preparation for a seemingly inevitable showdown.

In the beginning of the 20th century, the kings in Copenhagen and Stockholm struggled to come to terms with their diminishing political influence. Sometimes they overestimated their powers, causing constitutional crises threatening their thrones. But the Scandinavians had bigger fish to fry. When the First World War set Europe ablaze, they watched from the sidelines, desperately trying to stay out of it.