Distillations | Science History Institute

• The CRISPR Babies

  In 2018 news broke that a Chinese scientist, He Jiankui, had used CRISPR to edit human embryos, and twin girls had been born as a result. The story set off an explosive bioethical controversy. As gene editing expert Kiran Musunuru put it, “He Jiankui’s genetic misadventures were the biggest medical story of the century so far.” Both scientists and the public had a lot of questions. What was the unmet medical need that justified the gene editing? Was the science ready for prime time? And, if it was, was He Jiankui the right scientist to do it? Seven years later these questions are far from resolved. Credits Host: Alexis Pedrick Executive Producer: Mariel Carr Producer: Rigoberto Hernandez Associate Producer: Sarah Kaplan Audio Engineer: Samia Bouzid Music by Blue Dot Sessions Resource List Baylis, Françoise. Altered Inheritance: CRISPR and the Ethics of Human Genome Editing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019. CBS News. “Chinese Researcher Claims He Helped Make First Gene-Edited Babies.” CBS News, November 26, 2018. CBS News. “Chinese Scientist Behind Gene-Edited Babies Sentenced to 3 Years in Prison.” CBS News, December 30, 2019. Cobb, Matthew. As Gods: A Moral History of the Genetic Age. New York: Basic Books, 2022. Greely, Henry T. CRISPR People: The Science and Ethics of Editing Humans. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021. "He Jiankui presentation and Q&A, International Summit on Human Genome Editing." Youtube Video, November 26, 2018. Marchione, Marilynn. Associated Press. “Chinese researcher claims first gene-edited babies.” AP News, November 26, 2018. “Meet Cathy Tie, Bride of 'China’s Frankenstein.'” MIT Technology Review, May 23, 2025. Musunuru, Kiran. The CRISPR Generation: The Story of the World’s First Gene-Edited Babies. BookBaby, 2019. NBC News. “Chinese Scientist Says He Helped Create First Gene-Edited Babies.” NBC News, November 26, 2018. “World's first successful tailor-made gene therapy saves baby born with rare disorder.” CBS Mornings. May 16, 2025.

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• Humans and Monsters: An Interview with Surekha Davies

  The fears about genetic engineering were stoked when experiments took off in the 1970s. From lab leaks to disease epidemics to the ability to make “Frankenstein creations,” many of those fears are still with us today. We talk to author Surekha Davies about her latest book, why she thinks of monsters as category breakers and why blurring boundaries can be so terrifying for us, but maybe doesn't have to be. Credits Host: Alexis Pedrick Executive Producer: Mariel Carr Producer: Rigoberto Hernandez Associate Producer: Sarah Kaplan Audio Engineer: Samia Bouzid Music by Blue Dot Sessions Resource List Davies, Surekha. Humans: A Monstrous History. University of California Press: 2025.

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• IVF: An Interview with Robin Marantz

  Our producer Rigoberto Hernandez spoke with Robin Marantz, the author of Pandora’s Baby: How the First Test Tube Babies Sparked the Reproductive Revolution. She tells us about the history of IVF, from the first known artificial insemination by donor produced in Philadelphia in the 19th century to the scientific race in the 1960s and 1970s that resulted in the first so-called “test-tube baby.” Credits Host: Alexis Pedrick Executive Producer: Mariel Carr Producer: Rigoberto Hernandez Associate Producer: Sarah Kaplan Audio Engineer: Samia Bouzid Music by Blue Dot Sessions Resource List Henig, Robin Marantz. Pandora's Baby: How the First Test Tube Babies Sparked the Reproductive Revolution. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2006.

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• Gene Therapy’s Families

  When Rebekah and Evan Lockard’s daughter, Naomi, was diagnosed with a devastating ultra-rare genetic disease, they didn’t know where to turn. Then they found Terry Pirovolakis, an IT professional who had made a gene therapy for his son with the same disease. But the process of getting Naomi treated has been an uphill battle, full of financial and logistical obstacles. The Lockard’s story flips the question we’ve been asking all season on its head. Instead of wondering, "if we could do something, should we," we're now asking, "if we can do something that helps patients, should we do it at any cost?" And this question isn’t for scientists or researchers, it’s for the rest of us. Credits Host: Alexis Pedrick Executive Producer: Mariel Carr Producer: Rigoberto Hernandez Associate Producer: Sarah Kaplan Audio Engineer: Samia Bouzid Music by Blue Dot Sessions Resource List Mast, Jason. "A dad built a gene therapy for his son. Can he save other kids, too?" STAT News. Elpida Therapeutics. "Battling SPG50 and changing the world." August 17, 2022. The Jackson Laboratory. Brent, Jonathan R. and Deng, Han-Xiang. "Paving a way to treat spastic paraplegia 50." "AAV gene therapy for hereditary spastic paraplegia type 50: a phase 1 trial in a single patient." June 28, 2004. "Colorado family pushes for more funding, awareness around rare neurological disorder." August 12, 2024. CBS News Colorado. Naomi's Corner.

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• Gene Therapy’s Dark Ages

  Gene therapy is based on a simple-sounding, yet deceptively complicated premise: adding or replacing faulty genes to fix medical problems. A compelling idea that came out of breakthroughs in DNA research, the field grew lightning fast. But the death of teenager Jesse Gelsinger after a gene therapy clinical trial left the public and scientists questioning the field’s promise.  Why did researchers push ahead with clinical trials despite gene therapy still being  in its infancy? What does the Jesse Gelsinger story tell us about the personal risk behind medical breakthroughs? Credits Host: Alexis Pedrick Executive Producer: Mariel Carr Producer: Rigoberto Hernandez Associate Producer: Sarah Kaplan Audio Engineer: Samia Bouzid Music by Blue Dot Sessions Resource List American Experience: The Boy in the Bubble. PBS. Begley, Sharon. “Out of Prison, the ‘Father of Gene Therapy’ Faces a Harsh Reality: a Tarnished Legacy and an Ankle Monitor.” STAT News, July 23, 2018. Cobb, Matthew. As Gods: A Moral History of the Genetic Age. New York: Basic Books, 2022. “C‑SPAN: Paul Gelsinger.” C‑SPAN. Gelsinger, Paul L. “Jesse’s Intent.” Circare. ABC Evening News. Vanderbilt Television News Archive, December 8, 1999. CBS Evening News. Vanderbilt Television News Archive, May 28, 1999. NBC Nightly News Broadcast. Vanderbilt Television News Archive, December 8, 1999. “Report and Recommendations of the Panel to Assess the NIH Investment in Research on Gene Therapy.” Georgetown University Library. Rinde, Meir. “The Death of Jesse Gelsinger, 20 Years Later.” Science History Institute, June 4, 2019. Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. “The Biotech Death of Jesse Gelsinger.” New York Times Magazine, November 28, 1999. “Teen Dies Undergoing Experimental Gene Therapy.” Washington Post, September 29, 1999. “The Glimmering Promise of Gene Therapy.” MIT Technology Review, November 1, 2006. The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, 1999-12-08. NewsHour Productions. American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC. Wilson, James . “Lessons learned from the gene therapy trial for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.”

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