Dr. Chapa’s OBGYN Clinical Pearls

Choline is not a nutrient that the human body can synthesize in sufficient quantities; it must be obtained from dietary sources (eggs, meat, fish, dairy products, grains, and nuts). Its a water-soluble amine that serves as a precursor for phospholipids, which are vital components of cell membranes. Plus, it’s a vital component of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in numerous brain functions. Inadequate choline intake during fetal organogenesis is associated with neural tube defects and cognitive deficits in offspring. In the mother, low choline use has been associated with preeclampsia, preterm birth and possible fetal growth restriction. While choline is crucial for fetal development and maternal outcomes, studies suggest that many pregnant women don’t meet the recommended dietary intake, potentially risking maternal and fetal health. ACOG recommends that pregnant women consume 450 mg of choline each day, although there is no universal internationally agreed upon dose for proper maternal supplementation. Of note, the current recommendations for pregnant women were set in 1998 and were based on the amount of choline needed to prevent liver dysfunction in men, not on the more relevant outcome of offspring neurocognitive development. In this episode, we will highlight a new RCT (Article in Press-AJOG; Oct 19, 2026) on Choline supplementation in pregnancy and early childhood behavioral and cognitive outcomes. While the results were promising, there are some limitations to this study. Listen in for details.
1. Jaiswal A, Dewani D, Reddy LS, Patel A. Choline Supplementation in Pregnancy: Current Evidence and Implications. Cureus. 2023 Nov 8;15(11):e48538. doi: 10.7759/cureus.48538. PMID: 38074049; PMCID: PMC10709661.
2. Hunter S, Hoffman M, Law A .Prenatal Maternal Phosphatidylcholine and Children’s Behavior and Cognition through 4 Years of Age: Randomized Clinical Trial. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2026;
3. Bahnfleth CL, Strupp BJ, Caudill MA, Canfield RL. Prenatal choline supplementation improves child sustained attention: A 7-year follow-up of a randomized controlled feeding trial. FASEB J. 2022 Jan;36(1):e22054.
4. Cai F, Young BK, Mccoy JA. Commercially Available Prenatal Vitamins Do Not Meet American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Nutritional Guidelines. Am J Perinatol. 2024 May;41(S 01):e2547-e2554.

Delayed cord clamp is standard of care. On today’s episode, we are stepping into a high-pressure dilemma in the labor and delivery room. Imagine this (which doesn’t need a lot of imagination, because it is a real event which occurred to one of our podcast family members): A mother has carefully drafted a birth plan. One of her non-negotiable requests is delayed cord clamping for two full minutes. But the moment the baby is delivered, it becomes clear that the infant is non-vigorous: floppy, pale, and not breathing. The baby urgently needs immediate resuscitation.
The physician reaches for the cord shears, but the mother demands: "No! Wait the two minutes! It's my decision!" What happens next? Whose rights win out? Today, we’re exploring clinical guidelines, the core ethical principles, the legal mandates, and state FOUR established norms that govern the delivering professional’s actions.

1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Clinical Consensus–Obstetrics. ACOG Clinical Practice Update: An Update to Clinical Guidance for Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping After Birth in Preterm Neonates. Obstet Gynecol. 2025 Jul 24;146(3):442-444. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000006020. PMID: 40706055.
2. Jabeen S, Salam SS, Gillespie S, Hasan M, Islam S, Chowdhury AT, Ameen S, Balen J, Rahman AE, Arifeen SE, Nahar Q, Anumba DO. Delayed cord clamping: Perceptions, practices and influencers among the healthcare providers of selected healthcare facilities in Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2024 Dec 5;19(12):e0313938.

Here is a sobering fact: Iron deficiency is one of the most common health conditions in the world. Iron deficiency affects an estimated one in three people, yet many go undiagnosed and untreated despite widespread treatment options. Iron deficiency can progress to iron deficiency anemia. If you’ve been listening for a while, you know we have banged the drum on this podcast time and time again about why serum ferritin matters. We’ve talked about how so many people suffer from low iron stores even when their basic blood work comes back looking "normal," and why we have to look way beyond just standard iron deficiency anemia. Well, guess what? The medical establishment is officially catching up! In September 2026, the American Society of Hematology (ASH) released brand new, evidence-based recommendations that are set to completely change how we diagnose iron deficiency. Published in ASH’s prestigious, peer-reviewed journal Blood Advances, these new guidelines were brought together by a multidisciplinary team of experts across multiple medical specialties to redefine critical thresholds- especially for women and during pregnancy. Today, we are diving deep into what these new guidelines actually mean for us. Listen in for details
1. https://www.hematology.org/newsroom/press-releases/2026/ash-sets-new-standards-for-diagnosing-iron-deficiency
2. https://ashpublications.org/bloodadvances/article/doi/10.1182/bloodadvances.2025015950/570502/American-Society-of-Hematology-2026-guidelines-for

Innie vs Outies: no, we are not referring to bellybuttons. In this episode, we’re talking about the labia of the Volva! Does it actually matter? Which one is more common? Now, this episode was actually sparked by a brilliant listener who sent us her question to our IG inbox (as a non-clinician): “Can having an innie labia actually cause me to have recurrent bacterial vaginosis?” Such a good question, right? So today, we’re going to break down what the medical literature actually says about anatomy and BV. Plus, well answer the question: What is ACOG’s stance on elective labioplasty? Grab a cup of coffee, get comfortable, and let’s normalize the normal.
1. Lykkebo AW, Drue HC, Lam JUH, Guldberg R. The Size of Labia Minora and Perception of Genital Appearance: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2017 Jul;21(3):198-203. doi: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000308. PMID: 28369012.
2. Aydın A, Atılgan AE, Sönmez MG, Sönmez L, Boğa MS, Balasar M. Do variations in labial anatomy have an effect on recurrent urinary tract infection? Int Urogynecol J. 2020 Oct;31(10):2129-2136. doi: 10.1007/s00192-020-04310-8. Epub 2020 May 9. PMID: 32388633.
3. Elective Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2020. Committee on Gynecologic PracticeGuideline
4. ACOG Committee Opinion 795: Elective Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery; 2020 (reaffirmed 2026)

Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant, connective tissue disorder. Because it’s autosomal dominant, an affected parent has a 50% chance of passing the genetic mutation to their offspring in every pregnancy. Approximately 25% of cases actually stem from spontaneous, de novo mutations with no prior family history. In the United States, the prevalence of Marfan syndrome is estimated at roughly 1 in 5,000 individuals. It affects males and females equally across all ethnic backgrounds. Although this topic and condition might sound rare at first glance- Marfan syndrome in pregnancy- it is in our communities, and we need to be ready for the potential complications that come with it. When is vaginal delivery allowable here? Do these patients need any maintenance meds during pregnancy? What about postpartum surveillance? Grab your coffee, get comfortable, and let's jump right in!
1. Elkayam U et al. High-Risk Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy: Part II. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Aug 2;68(5):502-516. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.050.
2. Milleron O, Arnoult F, Delorme G, et al. Pathogenic FBN1 Genetic Variation and Aortic Dissection in Patients With Marfan Syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Mar 3;75(8):843-853.
3. 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Dec 13;80(24):e223-e393.
4. Narula N. et al. Pregnancy-Related Aortic Complications in Women With Marfan Syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Aug 31;78(9):870-879.